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Sneak venom   Snake venom, which is typically yellow; however, white or clear fluid is also another color, produced by the salivary glands of the venomous snake. Snake venom is composed of a companion of proteins, enzymes, and other components, depending on the family and species. Despite the composition of snake venom, three main types of it are the scientific classification, including cytotoxin, neurotoxin, and hemotoxin. Other is cardiotoxin, myotoxin, and nephrotoxin. These toxins differ by the target sites that damage the human body. Thus, drugs of snake toxins are developed by scientists in order to target these specific sites. S nake venom is more complex than spider or scorpion venom due to a diversity of protein and peptide arrays, thus, results in a variety of pharmacological and toxicological effects. Nontoxic proteins have pharmacological properties.  Since various species of snake are poisonous through its bite, cobra venom considers one of the deadliest poi...

Vaccines A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms, or toxins, antibodies, or lymphocytes that introduce into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease. Vaccination is a method, which prevents disease occurrence instead of treats it.  Vaccines vary into different types, including live-attenuated , inactivated , toxoid , and conjugate as well as recombinant vaccines.  Administration of a vaccine is an important factor in order to ensure transporting it to the proper part of the body; therefore, transport of a vaccine has several mechanisms. For example, intramuscular , subcutaneous , or intradermal injection, and oral administration in addition to intranasal spray are applications that delivers vaccine. Live-attenuated vaccines Live-attenuated vaccines contain whole bacteria or viruses, but these are weakened and do not cause illness in a healthy individual, however, immune system patients are not ...

Do ants eat fungi? Formicidae, or ant, is a eusocial insect that lives nearly in all environments, having more than 9 thousand known species. Although ant has nested in tunnels inside a soil under the ground, and the hills that are built by ant can be up to 1.5 meters high, some ant called army ant prefers to travel. This army ant has two phases in its life, involving the nomad phase and stationary phase. Also, an ant can live in deadwood cavities or in living plant tissues. Ant uses vibration signals in order to hear, in which special sensors on its feet and knees that interpret signals.  Ant foods vary from each species, including nectar, honeydew secreted by aphids and other insects, small animals, or seeds as well as fungi. Whereas, army ant may prey on reptiles, birds, or even small mammals. Ant drinks from dew drops, ponds, and damp foods. Ant carries leaves between its teeth, for humans the load capacity of these leaves is 273 kg. Ant reaches the l...

Lemons and Ph? Lemon Ph is 2.0, and this means lemon has an acidic effect. Several acids in lemon juice give its natural acidity, such as citric acid , ascorbic acid , and maleic acid . Despite that lemon is basic inside the body when metabolized. Lemon juice increases the acidity of the urine due to the elimination of the excess acidity from the body through the urination process; thus, makes the blood basic.  It contains 22 anti-cancer characters, which help to treat many conditions, for example, bad breath and even cholera. To keep Ph levels balanced, lemon is recommended, in which it balances the acidity and basicity of the body.  Reducing inflammation is an additional benefit of drinking lemon juice regularly. It removes uric acid from the joints, therefore, prevents one of the inflammation cases, so it boosts the immune system. If the environment in the body becomes acidic, several problems occur, such as problems in the digestive system, gaining weight,...

Maillard reaction and caramelization The Maillard reaction, also known as non-enzymatic browning reaction, which is naming after French chemist Louis-Camille Maillard . However, there are two kinds of non-enzymatic browning reactions occur due to the sugars, involving caramelization and the Maillard reaction.  Some examples of these reactions are grilled steaks and grilled onions taste, popcorns smell, and coffees aroma.  The Maillard reaction is an extremely complex process, in which a reaction between reducing sugars and the monomers that build proteins, or amino acids * , occurs by the impact of heat. It starts with the reaction of a reducing sugar * , such as fructose and glucose with an amine, creating glucosamine ⃰ . The Maillard reaction and caramelization are both promoted by heating, but the Maillard reaction involves amino acids with sugars, whereas caramelization is the pyrolysis of certain sugars, or in other simple words, the interaction of sugars with ...

Chemistry of sunblock Sunblock is designed to protect you from UV radiation from the sun, which is a shorter wavelength than the visible light, by forming a physical shield. Major of the energy emitted by the sun is in the form of UV radiations, and it can be divided into three categories, including UVC, UVA, and UVB radiations. Ozone in the atmosphere absorbs all UVC before it reaches the Earth’s surface, and it approximately absorbs 90% of UVB radiation. However, UVA radiation is less affected by the atmosphere. Therefore, both UVA and UVB cause damage to the skin, in which UVA causes aging while UVB causes burning. Each type of UV radiation has a different wavelength; the longest wavelength is UVA radiation, which can reach to 400nm. In the past, the Egyptians used ingredients, such as rice bran, jasmine, and lupine to ensure sun protection, whereas the ancient Greeks used olive oil. Nowadays, b oth inorganic chemicals and organic chemicals are ingredients in sun p...

Chemistry of sunglasses Glass or plastic, for example, polycarbonates or Poly-Allyl-Diglycol Carbonate, or PADC , are the manufactured materials of sunglasses lenses. PADC is a plastic polymer, which is resistant to gamma radiation. In order to lower the amount of ultraviolet radiation transmitted, metal oxides are used, such as silicon dioxide , also known as Silica, in which it is known for its hardness.  Oxides of most metals adopt polymeric structure.  The chemical formula of silicon dioxide is SiO ₂. I n silica, each Silicon is bonded to four Oxygens, but each Oxygen is shared with two Silicons.  Silicon does not contain a Carbon atom; therefore, it is a synthetic polymer. Its heat-resistance is high compared with the natural polymer, in which carbon is the main component of the structure.  ------- When exposing to high-frequency light, especially UV radiation, a lens becomes darker, which called a photochromic lens.  This ...

Chemistry of cleaning materials Chemistry keeps you clean, in which cleaning products are formulated with different chemical properties. The main reason behind inventing the soap was cleaning dishes and using it in medicine, as Galen mentioned. Babylonians around 2800 BC were the first, who manufactured soap-like materials, using plants and animal fats boiled with ashes and water.  Whereas, the ancient Egyptians in 1550 BC made a product similar to soap through mixing animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts, and women used it for washing their hairs. Also, in 600 BC the Phoenicians mixed goat fat with wood ash; Syrians and Palestinians were the first, who used olive oil, laurel oil, and thyme oil and potash. However, modern cleaning products vary, for example soap, detergent, air freshener, and bathroom polish, containing a number of chemicals. Soap includes sodium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids obtained by natural resources from plants and anima...

Laughing, the elixir, for productivity “A day without laughter is a day wasted.” - Charlie  Chaplin Laughing has several health benefits. Thus, it will courage you to laugh and avoid sadness and negativity that affect harmfully on your health. It is a natural process and reaction toward funny things, for example, photos, voices, feelings, or memories.  Laughing health benefits: Reduce  anxiety Laughing helps reduce  stres s  hormones in the body; therefore, it is reflected positively in the body's psychological health. S tres s  hormones present in the body are important; however, high levels of these hormones are considered harmful concerns, especially for one's mental health. Pain reliev er Laughing can be a medicine for relieving pain by increasing happiness hormones, which have a role in relieving pain. For example, endorphins are hormones known as euphoria masks, inhibiting the communication of pain signals...

Safe postures/ walking /sitting /standing /lying Posture is the position of a person’s body when standing, sitting, or lying down. Types of postures include dynamic posture, which is the body during any movement pattern, and static posture, in which the same position or posture is held throughout an exertion. The position of your spine is the key to good posture. The spine has three natural curves located firstly at the neck, secondly in the middle of the back, and thirdly in the lower back. Therefore, the correct posture should maintain these curves without increasing them. The head should be above the shoulders, and the top of the shoulder should be over the hips. Moreover, misuse or overuse of specific muscles, ligaments, or tendons can impact harmfully on a person’s posture and his back health. Any kind of exercise may help improve your posture; however, certain types of exercises can be extremely helpful, such as yoga or tai chi. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weigh...

Drugs for you to stay sa fe Some medical cases can be treated in the house, and this makes the healing faster while waiting may worsen and delay recovery. However, not all cases are home treated; thus, makes hospital first place to go. Despite that, home pharmacy is essential and should contain certain drugs and tools.  It is important to keep home pharmacy in a cold, dark, and dry place; therefore, the bathroom and kitchen are not suitable places. Also, no direct sun lights and out of the reach of children are other advice. Pain reliever drugs: Aspirin, Paracetamol, and Panadol are effective for pain, such as a headache and menstrual pain. Also, these pills can reduce the symptoms of flu. Aspirin should not be taken by children under the age of 16 years old. Panadol Extra contains an additional substance called caffeine; therefore, it is harmful to blood pressure patients, whereas Panadol is safe for them. Painkillers that contain Paracetamol are safe for pregnant ...

Some chemical terminology explained Activation energy : the minimum energy that reactant particles must possess during their collisions in order to a chemical reaction occur. Alkali : a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions ( -OH ) Bases that are soluble in water are known as alkali . Alcohol : an organic compound containing the hydroxide group ( -OH ) Carboxylic acid : an organic acid containing the carboxyl group ( -COOH ) End point : the point in a titration at which in an indicator changes color. Ester: an organic compound formed from the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Functional group : an atom or group of atoms that give characteristic properties to an organic compound. Isomers : compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. Organic chemistry : chemistry that deals with carbon-based compound. Protein: a natural polymer of amino acids. Aldehyde : an organic molecu...

Rare plants Rare plants, uncommon and are usually not recognizable to non-botanist specialists. Despite  the fact  that florae are a source of beauty,  and many medications and various perfumes are extracted from  them,  some of them are poisonous and harmful. The bleeding-heart r ose A Lamprocapnos spectabilis, or the bleeding-heart rose, is a species of the family Papaveraceae. However, it is still known as Dicentra, the old name of this flower. Other common names are lyre flower, Dutchman’s trousers, and lady-in-a-bath. It blooms in late spring until mid-summer, and West Asia, including Siberia, North China, Korea, and Japan is its native origin. This deadly beauty has  four  colors, which are white, yellow, pink, and red; it is toxic if swallowed, and directed contact with it may cause skin irritation. The sun is not the only factor in its growth, also it needs shadow and wet areas with a warm and dry climate. Self-...